Human subjects (e.g., geoscience education, social surveys): “This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of [Institution] (Approval No. XXXX). Informed consent was obtained from all participants.”

Animal subjects: “All procedures involving animals complied with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of [Institution] (Approval No. XXXX).”

Environmental impact (fieldwork, sampling): State any permits (e.g., mining, protected area, indigenous land) and the responsible authority.

Data from public repositories: Cite the repository and provide the DOI; confirm that the data are used in accordance with the original license.

If your study does not require ethical clearance, include a brief statement: “Ethical approval was not required for this study.”